PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTIONS
Position of the Drawing Board. It is essential that the drawing should be held as near as possible at right angles to the direction at which it is seen.
Position. The pupil should assume an erect, easy attitude, neither inclined to the right nor the left. He should face the desk. In individual cases, the teacher may well exercise latitude regarding the latter rule, which should not be made rigid, nor, on the other hand, be deviated from with great frequency.
Measurements. In free hand exercises, from copy or objects, actual measurements before completion of drawing should be avoided. Otherwise, the entire object of free-hand drawing is defeated. This objection does not refer to the pencil measurements made by holding the pencil at full arm's length, referred to in the next paragraph.
Eye Measurement. The best aid to eye-measurement is to hold the pencil at any angle required, the pencil meanwhile being parallel with the erect body and at right angles to the extended arm. Then raise or lower the thumb to the point required. The angles of objects to be drawn can be obtained also by the extended pencil. (See Chapter X.)
Guide Lines. Guide lines as an aid to writing are prepared in advance and are used in schools throughout most, if not all, of the grades. In drawing, owing to the complexity of form used in the exercises, ready-made guides would be manifestly impractical if not impossible.
There is as good a reason to teach a child to draw with the aid of guide lines as there is to teach him to write that way. And there certainly is a good reason for the little blue lines in the copy books in the schools that keep the pupils from writing like this:

instead of like this: